Short Outline of World History Timeline: Modern 1.

1501 CE

The Renaissance sculpture, the statue of David, was created between 1501 and 1504, by Michelangelo.

1503

Leonardo da Vinci begins painting the Mona Lisa and three years later, completes it.

1505 CE

The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China, from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. Zhengde Emperor ascended the throne of Ming Dynasty.

1506 CE

The first Muslim kingdom in Java, called Demak, in Indonesia, built by Sultan Trenggono.

1506 CE
The Catholic Church arrived in the Kingdom of Congo shortly after the first Portuguese explorers reached its shores in 1483. Catholicism becomes state religion in 1506.

1508-12
Michelangelo paints the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

The Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Alex Proimos

1509 CE
The Battle of Diu in 1509, was the culmination of global trade and the beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice trade and the Indian Ocean.

1509 CE
The “great plague" afflicted various parts of England in 1509.

511 CE
The Portuguese annexed Malacca in August 1511.

1512 CE
Copernicus proclaims the sun the center of the solar system.

1513 CE
Niccolò Machiavell writes, "The Prince", a treatise on political power.

1513 CE
Jorge Álvares is the first European to reach China by sea during the Age of Discovery.

1516-17 CE

The Ottomans gain control of Egypt, Arabia, and the Levant.

1517 CE

Martin Luther nailed a list of grievances against the Catholic Church to the door of the Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, 31 October 1517. The catalyst for the Protestant Reformation.

1518 CE
The documented outbreak of smallpox in 1518, in Hispaniola, was “the first epidemic of record”.

The sweating sickness was a mysterious and contagious disease that struck England and later, continental Europe in a series of epidemics beginning in 1485. Death often occurred within hours.

1518 CE

The dancing plague, possibly a psychogenic illness, caused people to dance in the streets in Strasbourg, Alsace (now modern-day France). Between 50 and 400 people danced for days.

1519-22 CE

An expedition led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Elcano is the first to Circumnavigate the Earth.

1519 CE
The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire begins.

1521 CE
The fall of Belgrade to the Ottoman Empire.

1521 CE

The Portuguese attempt to invade Ming Dynasty China.

1524 CE

Great Peasants' Revolt in some German-speaking areas in Central Europe from 1524 to 1525.

1526 CE
The Ottomans defeat the Kingdom of Hungary. 

1527 CE

The sack of the city of Rome and the end of the Italian Renaissance.

1529 CE

The Austrians defeat the Ottoman Empire. 

1534 CE

The Ottomans capture Baghdad.

1536 CE

Between 1536 and 1541, Henry VIII disbanded monasteries, priories, convents and friaries, in England, Wales and Ireland; appropriated their income and disposed of their assets. The Church of England breaks away from the Roman Catholic Church.

1536 CE

The Inquisition was formally established in Portugal in 1536, after beginning in Spain some years earlier.

1536 CE
William Tyndale is burned at the stake for translating the Bible into English.

1562 CE

The French Wars of Religion between Catholics and Huguenots (Reformed/Calvinist Protestants) rage in the Kingdom of France between 1562 and 1598.

1563 CE
Between 1563 and 1665, London experienced four plagues that each killed one fifth of the city's inhabitants. Bubonic plague epidemics originated in China in 1331.

1565 CE

Colonisation of the Phillipines began when Spanish explorer Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from Mexico in 1565.

1566-1648
Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands.

1579 

Sir Francis Drake was the first Englishman to circumnavigate the world.

1583 CE

Located in Klampenborg, North of Copenhagen (Denmark), Bakken opened in 1583 and is the oldest operating amusement park in the world.

1585 CE

Colony at Roanoke founded in North America.

1586 CE

The Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the kingdoms of Spain and England.

1588 CE
The English defeated the Spanish Armada's fleet of 130 ships sent by Spain in 1588 to invade England. 

Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588, c 1796

1590 CE

Shakespeare is believed to have written his very first play, Henry VI, Part One, 1590-91.

1592-1598 CE

Korea, with the help of the Chinese Ming Dynasty, repels two Japanese invasions.

1600 CE

The East India Company received a Royal Charter from Queen Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600.

1601 CE

The Russian famine of 1601–1603 kills about one-third of Russias.

1603

First permanent Dutch trading post is established in Banten, West Java.

1606 CE

Captain Willem Janszoon and his crew aboard the ship Duyfken becomes the first recorded Europeans to sight and make landfall in Australia.

The 1999 replica of Duyfken under sail in c. 2006, Rupert Gerritsen

1607 CE

The first permanent English colony in North America is settled, at Jamestown, Virginia.

1609 CE
The Dutch East India Company establish a factory in Hirado, Japan.

1611

The first publication of the King James Bible.

1616 CE
In 1616, Dirk Hartog, sailing off course, en route from the Cape of Good Hope to Batavia, landed on an island off Shark Bay, West Australia.

1619 CE

In 1619, the first 19 or so Africans to reach the English colonies arrived in Point Comfort, Virginia, near Jamestown, brought by English privateers, who seized them from a captured Portuguese slave ship.

1620
The first English Puritans, known today as the Pilgrims from Plymouth, arrive on the Mayflower, to the New World in 1620.

1622 CE

Algonquian natives kill 347 English settlers outside Jamestown, Virginia (one-third of the colony's population).

1625 CE
New Amsterdam, a 17th-century Dutch settlement established at the southern tip of Manhattan. In 1664, the English took over New Amsterdam and renamed it New York City.

1625 CE

Charles I, was the king of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1625, until his execution in 1649.

1626 CE
St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican completed.

1627 CE
In 1627 the south coast of Australia was accidentally discovered by François Thijssen, a Dutch explorer.

1632 CE

The Taj Mahal was built around 1632.

Taj Mahal, Agra © Yann Forget / Wikimedia Commons

1640 CE
Torture is outlawed in England.

1641 CE

The Irish Rebellion of 1641 led to sectarian killing, which still shapes Anglo-Irish politics today.

1641 CE

The first major philosopher of the early modern era, René Descartes, publishes Meditations on First Philosophy.

1642 CE

Abel Tasman, during his voyage in 1642, was the first known European expedition to reach Van Diemen's Land (later Tasmania) and New Zealand and to sight Fiji.

The Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam took place from the 16th through 18th centuries and turned Iran, which previously had a Sunni majority, into a Shia Islam majority.

1642 CE

The Roman Inquisition tried Galileo in 1633 and found him "vehemently suspect of heresy", sentencing him to indefinite imprisonment. Galileo was kept under house arrest until his death in 1642.

1642 CE

Beginning of English Civil War, conflict that will end in 1649 with the execution of King Charles I.

1643 CE

Louis XIV crowned King of France. His reign of 72 years and 110 days is the longest recorded of any monarch of a sovereign country in European history.

1644 CE

The Manchu conquer China ending the Ming dynasty. The subsequent Qing dynasty rules until 1912.

1645-1669 CE

Ottoman war with Venice. The Ottomans invade Crete and capture Canea.

1647 CE

Seven-year-old Mehmed IV becomes sultan of the Ottoman Empire.

1647 CE

The Great Plague of Seville (1647–1652) was a massive outbreak of disease in Spain that killed up to a quarter of Seville's population.

1648 CE
The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War and marks the ends of Spain and the Holy Roman Empire as major European powers.

1649-1653 CE

 The conquest of Ireland by the forces of the English Parliament, led by Oliver Cromwell.

1652 CE

Cape Town founded by the Dutch East India Company in South Africa.

1660 CE

The Royal Society of London, for Improving Natural Knowledge, was founded on 28 November 1660.

1660 CE
The Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland took place in 1660, when King Charles II returned from exile in Europe.

1662 CE

Blaise Pascal invented the first public transit system in Paris in 1662, using horse drawn buses.

1662 CE

Sylva, by the English writer John Evelyn, was first presented in 1662, as a paper to the Royal Society. It was published as a book two years later in 1664, and it is recognised as one of the most influential texts on forestry ever published.

1665 CE

In 1665, Robert Hooke used a microscope about six inches long with two convex lenses and discovered cells.

1665 CE

The Great Plague, lasting from 1665 to 1666, was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in England. Originated in China in 1331.

1666 CE

The Great Fire of London swept through the central parts of the English city from Sunday, 2 September to Thursday, 6 September 1666.

1667-1699 CE

The Great Turkish War stops the Ottoman Empire's expansion into Europe.

1670 CE

The Hudson's Bay Company, a fur-trading enterprise headquartered in London, began operations on the shores of Hudson Bay in 1670. Founded in New France (Modern-day Canada).

1673 CE

Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek, using a single-lensed microscopes of his own design, was the first to experiment with microbes.

1675 CE

The Royal Observatory, Greenwich, UK, was commissioned in 1675 by King Charles II.

1682 CE

La Salle, a 17th-century French explorer and fur trader in North America, claims Louisiana for France.

1683 CE

China conquers the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan.

1687 CE

Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, a work in three books by Isaac Newton, in Latin, first published 5 July 1687, states Newton's laws of motion, forming the foundation of classical mechanics; Newton's law of universal gravitation; and a derivation of Kepler's laws of planetary motion. 

Title page of "Principia", first edition (1687). Zhaladshar

1688 CE

The Revolution of 1688, was the deposition and subsequent replacement of James II and VII as ruler of England, Scotland and Ireland by his daughter Mary II and his Dutch nephew and Mary's husband, William III of Orange.

1689 CE,

A Letter Concerning Toleration, by John Locke, argues that having more religious groups actually prevent civil unrest. Locke also publishes Two Treatises of Government, which outlines Locke's ideas for a more civilized society based on natural rights and contract theory.

1689 CE

A border established between Russia and China.

1690 CE

The Battle of the Boyne, was a battle in 1690, between the Catholic James II and the Protestant William III, who had overthrown James as king of England.

1692 CE

Salem witch trials in Colonial Massachusetts.

1692-94 CE

Famine in France kills 2 million people.

1694 CE

The Bank of England was established in 1694.

1696-7 CE

Famine in Finland wipes out almost one-third of the population.

1698 CE

Thomas Savery invented the first commercially used steam powered device.

Fire pump, Savery system, 1698.PHGCOM

 

Short Outline of World History Timeline: 5th to 15th centuries/ Middle Ages

481 CE
Clovis who becomes King of the Franks 481 rules until 511. Converts to Christianity (AD. 496).

490 CE
Battle of Mount Badon and according to legend, British forces led by Arthur defeat the invading Saxons.

Buddhism reaches Burma and Indonesia.

527 CE
In 527, Justinian I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire, until 565. His legacy was the uniform rewriting of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis, which is still the basis of civil law in many modern states. Under the Justinian Dynasty, particularly the reign of Justinian I, the Empire reached its largest territorial point, reincorporating North Africa, southern Illyria, southern Spain, and Italy into the Empire.

538 CE
Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Korea, either in 538 or 552 CE.

541 CE
The Plague of Justinian afflicted the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire and was one of the deadliest pandemics in history, with deaths of an estimated 25–100 million people during two centuries of recurrence (541–542 AD, with recurrences until 750).

570 CE
Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was born in Mecca in Saudi Arabia in 570 CE.

597 AD
The first organised attempt to convert the British people to Christianity by Augustine in 597 AD.

622 CE
In 622, Muhammad flees to the town of Medina, known as the Hegira, Arabic for "flight." And so, the first year of the Islamic calendar began in 622 CE.

626 CE
The Siege of Constantinople in 626 by the Sassanid Persians and Avars.

658 CE

Cædmon, the earliest English poet whose name is known, who cared for the animals at the monastery Streonæshalch (now known as Whitby Abbey). Composed "Cædmon's Hymn" between 658 and 680 CE.

Whitby Abbey, North Yorkshire, was founded in 657, Wilson44691

532 CE

Death of Muhammad.

638 CE

Jerusalem captured by the Arab army, mostly Muslims, but with contingents of Syrian Christians.

645 CE
The Soga clan falls in Japan.

674–678 CE

Islamic armies defeated at Constantinople, forestalling Islamic conquest of Europe.

698 CE
Byzantine rule in North Africa ends when Arabs destroy Carthage.

711 CE

Muslim army defeated the Visigoth army in Spain and by 720, Spain was largely under Muslim (Moorish) control.

712 CE

Buddhism in Pakistan took root some 2,300 years ago under the Mauryan king Ashoka. However, in 712 CE, Muslims established a state in Sind (modern day Pakistan).

732 CE
Battle of Tours halted the advancement of the Muslims (Moors) in southwestern Europe.

735 CE

The Venerable Bede, one of the greatest Anglo-Saxon scholars dies. He wrote many scientific, historical and theological works.

746 CE

Greeks take back Cyprus from the Arabs.

The Sanctuary and Temple of Apollo Hylates at Kourion, Cyprus

751 CE
The Battle of Talas, a military engagement between the Abbasid Caliphate, along with their ally, the Tibetan Empire, against the Chinese Tang dynasty. In July 751 AD. The Chinese were defeated and China's westward expansion came to an end.

757 CE
Offa was King of Mercia, a kingdom of Anglo-Saxon England, from 757, until his death in July 796.

768 CE

Beginning of Charlemagne's reign. He was King of the Franks and later became the Holy Roman Emperor.

772 CE
From 772, Charlemagne conquers Saxony and forcibly converts Germanic pagans to Catholicism.

787 CE
The Second Council of Nicaea met in 787 in Nicaea, to restore the use and veneration of icons.

793 CE

Sack of Lindisfarne. Viking attacks on Britain begin. The first English monastery raided by Vikings was in 793 at Lindisfarne. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle described the Vikings as "heathen men".

794 CE

The Heian period, the last division of classical Japanese history begins, running from 794 to 1185.


Beowulf, an Old English epic poem, was produced between 975 and 1025.

795 CE

The first recorded Viking raid in Ireland occurred in 795 AD when the Vikings plundered and burned the church on Lambeg Island, Dublin.

796 CE

The death of Offa marks the end of Mercian supremacy in England.

By the late 8th century, the Muslim Empire had conquered all of Persia and parts of the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) territory including Egypt, Palestine, and Syria.

814 CE

After Charlemagne died in 814. Europe was in chaos, as there was no central government. Around 900 CE, some nobles began building castles to protect their lands from Viking raids and also collecting taxes, enforcing laws and raising armies. This was the era of Feudalism. 

826 CE

Arabs conquer Crete, Sicily, and Sardinia, 826–827.

865 CE
Danish raiders first begin to settle in England.

868 CE
In the words of the British Library, "the earliest complete survival of a dated printed book, is the Diamond Sūtra, a Tang-dynasty Chinese version dated back to 11 May 868.

870 CE
Iceland was first settled around 870.

871 CE

King Alfred the Great ruled Wessex from 871 to 899 and successfully defendied his kingdom against Viking invaders.

882 CE
In 882 CE, Kievan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples in Europe forms under the reign of the Varangian Rurik dynasty. The modern nations of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine all claim Kievan Rus' as their cultural ancestors.

893 CE
One of the earliest surviving biographies was written by Asser, a Welsh monk, called the "Life of King Alfred", in 893 CE.

900 CE
End of the Classic Period of Maya history.

907 CE

Tang Dynasty ends and Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms begins in China.

911 CE

The Viking Rollo and his tribe settle in what is now Normandy.

914 CE

Sri Kesari Warmadewa was the first king of Bali to leave a written inscription. He authored the inscription on the 914 CE Belanjong pillar. 

927 CE

King Aethelstan the Glorious unites the heptarchy of the Anglo-Saxon nations of Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Kent, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria founding the Kingdom of England.

960 CE

Song Dynasty begins, China.

960 CE

Westminster Abbey was founded in London, England, in 960 CE. However, today's building dates from the reign of Henry III in the 13th century.

  

988 CE

Volodymyr I of Kiev makes Christianity the national religion (Ukraine, Russia).

1000 AD
The Japanese epic "The Tale of Genji" is often called the world’s first novel. Following the life and romances of Hikaru Genji. It was written by a woman, Murasaki Shikibu, just after 1000 AD.

1001 CE
Leif Erikson, the Norse explorer from Iceland, was the first known European to set foot on continental North America (excluding Greenland).

1025 CE
An encyclopedia of medicine in five books is compiled by Persian Muslim physician-philosopher Avicenna (Ibn Sina) and completed in 1025.

1054 CE
The East-West Schism of 1054, was the break between what are now the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches. One major factor being the use of religious images, by the Western Church.

Construction on the Great Zimbabwe city in the south-eastern hills of Zimbabwe began in the 11th century and continued until it was abandoned in the 15th century.

A closeup of Great Zimbabwe ruins, Macvivo

1066 CE

William the Conqueror, Duke of Normandy, invades England and becomes king after the Battle of Hastings in 1066 CE.

1077 CE

In 1077, construction begins on the Tower of London, on the north bank of the River Thames in central London.

1086 CE

Domesday Book, the "Great Survey" of much of England and parts of Wales completed in 1086 by order of King William the Conqueror.

1088 CE

The University of Bologna is founded in 1088 by an organised guild of students (hence studiorum), it is the oldest university in the world.

1095 CE
The first of 9 major crusades, which would continue into late 13th century. to capture the Holy Land, and to repel the Seljuk Turks from the Byzantine Empire occurred in 1095 CE.

1096 CE

The University of Oxford began teaching as early as 1096 CE.

1119 CE

The Knights Templar were a Catholic military order founded in 1119, headquartered on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem. 

1135 CE

The Anarchy was a civil war in England and Normandy between 1135 and 1153, which resulted in a widespread breakdown in law and order. 

1150 CE

The University of Paris, known as the Sorbonne, emerged around 1150.

1154 CE

In 1154, Henry II institutionalised common law in England, by creating a unified court system "common" to the country.

1158 CE

The Hanseatic League, a commercial and defensive confederation of merchant guilds, for northern and central Europe, was founded 1158.

1160 CE

Construction of Notre-Dame de Paris began in 1160.

1171 CE

King Henry II of England commenced the Norman invasion of Ireland, marking the beginning of more than 800 years of direct English and, later, British involvement in Ireland.

1192 CE

Minamoto no Yoritomo was the founder and the first shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan. He ruled from 1192 until 1199.

1215 CE

The Magna Carta, a charter of rights is agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, on 15 June 1215.

1237–1240 CE

The split of Kievan Rus' into three components (present day Russia, Ukraine, Belarus) followed from the Mongol invasion of Europe.

1258 CE
The Siege of Baghdad by the Mongols, which lasted from January 29 until February 10, 1258, is considered to mark the end of the Islamic Golden Age.

1274 CE

The Summa Theologiae, the best-known work of Thomas Aquinas, one of the most influential works of Western literature, published 1274.

1279 CE

All of China is under the rule of Kublai Khan as the emperor.

1296 CE

The English invasion of Scotland in 1296.

1299 CE

The Ottoman Empire is founded by Osman I and would last over 600 years.

1305 CE

Sir William Wallace, who became one of the main leaders during the First War of Scottish Independence was executed for treason.

1337 CE

The Hundred Years' War from 1337 to 1453, between the House of Plantagenet, rulers of England and the French House of Valois, over the right to rule the Kingdom of France.

1346
The Black Death swept through the Middle East and Europe in the years 1346-1353. Believed to have wiped out as many as 50% of Europe's population by its end.

1364 CE
The first modern documented astrarium clock was completed in 1364 by Giovanni de' Dondi.

The astrarium made by Giovanni Dondi dell'Orologio showed hour, year calendar, movement of the planets, Sun and Moon. Reconstruction, Museo Nazionale Scienza e Tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci, Milan.

1378 CE

The Western Schism, was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417, in which two men (by 1410 three) simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and each excommunicated one another.

1380 CE

Chaucer begins to write The Canterbury Tales.

1381 CE

The Peasants' Revolt, a major uprising across large parts of England in 1381.

1389 CE

After the Battle of Kosovo in Serbia in 1389, the Turkish empire continued to spread over the Balkans, to finally reach Vienna.

1399 CE

End of Plantagenet Dynasty, beginning of the Lancaster lineage in England.

1405 CE

Zheng He, born Ma He, to a Muslim family in China, travels to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Western Asia, and East Africa from 1405 to 1433.

1417 CE
In 1417, Pope Martin V becomes the pope and the Western Schism is resolved.

1429 CE

The battle at Orléans and Joan of Arc's role finally drive the English from continental Europe.

1434 CE

The rise of the Medici family in Florence.

The illusionism of The Arnolfini Portrait painted in 1434 was remarkable for its time.

Van Eyck - Arnolfini Portrait, 1434 oil painting

1438 CE

The Inca civilisation begins expanding and the Inca Empire is born.

1439 CE

Invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg.

Picture of a copy of the Gutenberg Bible owned by the US Library of Congress, taken by Mark Pellegrini

1443 CE

King Sejong of Korea, created hangul, the native phonetic writing system for the Korean language.

1453
The Fall of Constantinople was the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on 29 May 1453.

1464 CE
The Dardanelles Gun, was cast in bronze in 1464, by Munir Ali, Turkish military engineer.

1485 CE

"Le Morte d'Arthur" was first published in 1485 by William Caxton and is today one of the best-known works of Arthurian literature in English. 

1485 CE

The Battle of Bosworth Field, was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the Houses of Lancaster and York.

1492 CE

Age of discovery begins when Christopher Columbus reaches the New World.

1494 CE

The Treaty of Tordesillas was an agreement between Portugal and Spain to divide ownership rights of land found outside of Europe between them.

1499 CE

The naval Battle of Zonchio, part of the Ottoman–Venetian War of 1499–1503, is the first naval battle that used cannons in ships. Ottoman fleet defeats Venetians.

Short Outline of World History Timeline: ANCIENT 2

6 BCE 

The date of birth of Jesus is not stated in the gospels or in any historical reference. Theologians assume a year of birth between 6 BC and 4 BC.

27 BCE

Augustus Caesar was the first emperor of the Roman Empire reigning from 27 BCE, until his death in CE 14.

14 CE 

Tiberius was the second Roman emperor reigning from CE 14 to CE 37.

30 CE
The crucifixion of Jesus occurred in 1st-century Judea, most likely between CE 30 and 33.

37 CE 

Caligula was the third Roman emperor ruling from CE 37 to CE 41. 

Caligula, Roman emperor 37-41, Richard Mortel

41 CE 
Claudius was Roman emperor from CE 41 to CE 54.

43 CE 
The Roman conquest of Britain was a gradual process beginning in CE 43 under Emperor Claudius and being largely completed by CE 87.

46 CE
Paul the Apostle (Hebrew name Saul of Tarsus) sets out on his first missionary journey 46 to 48 CE. First stop was Cyprus. Paul's last journey began in 63 CE.

54 CE

Nero was the last Roman emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. Ruled Rome from 54 CE. until his death by suicide, June 9 in 68 CE

70 CE 

The Siege of Jerusalem in the year 70 CE was the decisive event of the First Jewish–Roman War, in which the Roman army captured the city of Jerusalem and destroyed both the city and its "second temple".

72 CE

The Colosseum was built in Rome under the emperor Vespasian in AD 72 and was completed in AD 80 under his successor and heir, Titus.

79 CE

Destruction of Pompeii by the volcano Vesuvius.

Pompeii, with Vesuvius towering above, Italy, Qfl247

The Kingdom of Aksum in what is now Eritrea existed from approximately 80 BCE to AD 825.

98 CE

Roman Empire at largest extent under Emperor Trajan who presided over biggest military expansion in history, after having conquered modern-day Romania, Iraq and Armenia.

161 CE

One of the greatest Roman Emperors, Marcus Aurelius, becomes emperor of the Roman Empire.

206 CE
The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China from 206 BCE–220 CE.

220 CE

The Three Kingdoms from 220–280 CE was the tripartite division of China among the states of Wei, Shu, and Wu, 220-280 CE.

240 CE
The Gupta empire has been described as the Golden Age of Indian history, was founded by Sri Gupta sometime between 240 and 280 CE. 

313 CE
During the reign of the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great in 313 CE, the Edict of Milan decreed religious toleration in the Roman empire.

325 CE
Constantine I summoned church officials to the Council of Nicaea in 325 CE, to resolve the problem of Arianism, a doctrine that held that Christ was not divine but was a created being. It also resulted in the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed.

330 CE

The ancient city of Byzantium became the new capital of the Roman Empire by Emperor Constantine the Great, after whom it was renamed, and dedicated on 11 May 330 CE.

378 CE

At the Battle of Adrianople, 9 August 378, the Roman army is defeated by the Germanic tribes. This was the start of the process which led to the fall of the Western Roman Empire.

380 CE

Roman Emperor Theodosius I declares the Arian faith of Christianity heretical. The priest, Alexandrian Arius, based on a study of the Bible stated the belief that Jesus was more than man, but less than God.

396CE
Theodosius I, Roman Emperor from 379 to 395, the last emperor to rule over both the Eastern and the Western halves of the Roman Empire outlaws all religions other than Catholicism.

409 CE
Rome sends orders for the Roman legion in Britain to withdraw and protect Rome against the Visigoths.

Roman public baths (thermae) in Bath (Aquae Sulis), UK. Steve Cadman

410 CE

Rome is ransacked by the Visigoths led by King Alaric in 410 CE.

431 CE

The Vandals cross the Strait of Gibraltar into Africa and capture Hippo Regius in August 431, which they make the capital of their kingdom.

440 CE

Some time after 440 CE, the Anglo-Saxons settle in Britain and mix with the native Celtic Britions.

450CE
The Tugu inscription was written in Pallava script, in West Java, with information about irrigation and water drainage.

Tugu inscription in National Museum of Indonesia, Bkusmono

428 CE
The Neo-Persian Empire, the last kingdom of the Persian Empire before the spread of Islam declared war on Armenia and Armenia lost its sovereignty in 428 CE.

451 CE

In 451, while under Persian control, the Armenians fought against the Persians in the battle of Vartanantz resisting the forced conversion to Zoroastrianism. Although defeated, the Persians afterwards allowed the Armenians to practice Christianity.

453 AD
The leader of the Hunnic Empire from 434 to 453 AD, Attila the Hun, dies, it is believed of a nosebleed on his wedding night.

455 CE
Chichen Itza the large pre-Columbian city built by the Maya people was founded 455 CE.

478 CE
Romulus Augustulus, the last of the Roman emperors in the west was overthrown by the Germanic leader Odoacer, bringing about the fall of the Roman Empire in the West.

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Short Outline of World History Timeline: ANCIENT 1

13.7 billion  
Big Bang occured approximately 13.7 billion years ago.

4..54 billion

Earth formed around 4.54 billion years ago.

3.77 billion

The earliest time that life first appeared on Earth is at least 3.77 billion years ago.

3.5 billion
Fossilised rock formations called stromatolites, found in the Pilbara region of western Australia, are the oldest fossils ever found at 3.5 billion-year-old.

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230 million BCE

Dinosaurs evolved from other reptiles (socket-toothed archosaurs) during the Triassic period, over 230 million years ago.

210 million 
The earliest known mammals were the morganucodontids, tiny shrew-size animals that lived 210 million years ago.

65 million BCE

Dinosaurs went extinct about 65 million years ago (at the end of the Cretaceous Period).

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4.2 to 1.9 million BCE
Australopithecus, a genus of hominins, from which modern humans are considered to be descended,  existed in Africa from around 4.2 to 1.9 million years ago.

2.12 million BCE
Stone tools discovered at the Shangchen site in China are dated to 2.12 million years ago, are claimed to be the earliest known evidence of hominins outside Africa.

3.3 million BCE
Stone tools found at Lake Turkana in Kenya are dated to be 3.3 million years old.

2.1 and 1.5 million BCE

Homo habilis is an archaic species of human which lived about 2.1 and 1.5 million years ago.

2 million BCE

Homo erectus was the first human ancestor to spread throughout the Old World, lived from about 2 million years ago, until at least 250,000 years ago. Homo erectus populations lived in southeastern Europe by 1.8 million years ago.

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700,000 BCE

Homo heidelbergensis lived from about 700,000 to 300,000 years ago.

300,000 BCE

All people living today belong to the species Homo sapiens, who arose about 300,000 years ago.

300,000 BCE

Neanderthals and Denisovans, our hominid cousins (we all descended from Homo heidelbergensis), left Africa about 300,000 years ago and settled in Europe and parts of western Asia. Many of us today have fragments of Neanderthals and Denisovans within our DNA, due to interbreeding.

Neanderthals are hominids in the genus Homo, humans, and generally classified as a distinct species (extinct)

300,000 BCE
The oldest known evidence for anatomically modern humans (as of 2017) are fossils found at Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, dated about 300,000 years old.

300,000 BCE
The best evidence of human's habitual use of fire comes from caves in Israel dating back between 400,000 and 300,000 years ago. Qesem Cave, reveals a hearth and evidence of the roasting of meat.

210,000 BCE
Early Eurasian Homo sapiens fossils have been found in Israel and Greece, dated to 194,000–177,000 and 210,000 years old respectively.

100,000 BCE
Earliest known human burial in the Middle East.

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70,000 BCE
Modern humans reached Asia by 70,000 years ago, moving down through South-east Asia and into Australia. Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander, and Melanesian peoples came to Australia through the islands to the northwest, perhaps, about 65 thousand years ago.

70,000 BCE

A genetic bottleneck in human evolution occurred about 70,000 years ago, when human populations sharply decreased to 3,000–10,000 surviving individuals.

60,000 BCE

60, 000 year old needlepoint (missing stem and eye) has been found in Sibudu Cave, South Africa. 50,000 years ago sewing needles found in (Denisova Cave, Siberia).

45,000 BCE

About 45,000 years ago, modern humans ventured into Europe, by way of the Middle East. Modern human remains dating to 43–45,000 years ago have been discovered in Italy and Britain.

44,000 BCE

The oldest known cave paintings are more than 44,000 years old, found in both the Franco-Cantabrian region in western Europe, and in the caves in the district of Maros (Sulawesi, Indonesia). 32 shapes and lines, on the caves at Marsoulas in France, are repeated often and could be the world’s oldest code.

40,000 BCE
Extinction of Neanderthals about 40,000 years ago.

40,000 BCE 

The remains of one of the earliest known anatomically modern humans to be discovered cremated, was buried near Lake Mungo, Australia, 40,000 BCE.

36,000 BCE

The earliest dyed flax fibres have been found in a prehistoric cave in Georgia and date back to 36,000 BCE.

35,000 and 40,000 BCE

The lion-headed figurine is the oldest-known zoomorphic (animal-shaped) sculpture in the world, found to be between 35,000 and 40,000 years old, from Hohlenstein-Stadel cave, Germany.

The Löwenmensch figurine, between 35,000 and 40,000 years old, from Hohlenstein-Stadel cave, Germany.

28,000 BCE

The rock art at Narwala Gabarnmang rock shelter in south-western Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory, Australia, is dated at 28,000 years BCE.

25,000–21,000 BCE

Burials in Iberia, Wales and eastern Europe, using red ochre and grave goods, such as ivory beads and flint blades.

23,000 BCE

The first evidence of agriculture was 23,000 years ago, at a human camp on the shore of the Sea of Galilee.

20,000 BCE
Pottery may well have been discovered independently in various places. However, pottery made for storing, cooking and carrying water was first manufactured in China about 20,000 years ago, found at Neolithic cave site of Xianrendong.

20,000 BCE

The settlement of the Americas began, via the Beringia land bridge, which had formed between northeastern Siberia and western Alaska, about 20,000 years ago.

12,600 to 9,600 BCE
Charred crumbs of a flatbread made by Natufian hunter-gatherers from wild wheat, wild barley and plant roots between 14,600 and 11,600 years ago ,have been found at the archaeological site of Shubayqa 1, in the Black Desert in Jordan.

12,000 BCE
Farming and agriculture began in Iraq, the Levant, parts of Turkey and Iran, 12,000 years ago. Agriculture is believed to be a pre-requisite for the development of cities.

10,000 BCE
A mesolithic arrangement of twelve pits and an arc found in Warren Field, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, which dates to about 10,000 years ago, has been described as a lunar calendar and the "world's oldest known calendar".

10,000 BCE
Göbekli Tepe in Turkey, dating back to the 10th–8th millennium BCE, is perhaps the world's oldest religious site. It is also notable for the complexity of its design.

Göbekli Tepe, an archaeological site in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey, Teomancimit

8040 BCE
The Pesse canoe is the world's oldest known ship dating between 8040 and 7510 BC. It was discovered during the construction of the Dutch A28 motorway.

7500 BCE
The first cities were founded in Mesopotamia, after the Neolithic Revolution, around 7500 BCE. However, The first cities to house several tens of thousands of people were Memphis, Egypt and Uruk, by 3100 BCE.

4500 BC - 3500 BC

Farming of plants and animals begins in Britain.

4,000 BCE
King Sargon of Akkad established the world's first empire more than 4,000 years ago in Mesopotamia.

3500 BCE
The first true city-states arose in Sumer about 3500 BCE, almost contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon.

3500 BCE
The first city of the Norte Chico civilization is generally dated to around 3500 BCE.

3300 BCE
The Ancient Sumerians in the Middle East were most probably the first people to enter the Bronze Age, about 3300 to 1200 B.C. This is when people started to work with metal and make bronze tools and weapons.

3200 BCE
The cuneiform script created in Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq, was the first true writing system, dating to 3200 BCE.

3200–3100 BCE

Newgrange, the 250,000 ton (226,796.2 tonne) passage tomb aligned to the winter solstice in Ireland, was built.

3100 BCE
Babylonian mathematics, which used a sexagesimal (base 60) system and which is the source of the 60-minute hour, the 24-hour day and the 360-degree circle, originated about 3100 BCE.

3100 BCE
Egypt was largely unified under a single ruler around 3100 BCE.

3100 BCE

Stongehenge was built in six stages between 3000 and 1520 BCE during the transition from the Neolithic Period to the Bronze Age.

3000 BCE
The ancient Sumerians, who built the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia, developed a complex system of metrology from 3000 BCE.

3000 BCE
Minoan civilization, a Bronze Age civilization of Crete flourished from about 3000 BCE to about 1100 BCE.

2750 BCE
Hannu was an ancient Egyptian explorer (around 2750 BCE) and the first explorer of whom there is any knowledge. He travelled along the Red Sea to Punt and sailed to what is now part of eastern Ethiopia and Somalia.

2635–2610 BCE

The oldest surviving Egyptian Pyramid was commissioned by Pharaoh Djoser.

2613 BCE
The oldest religious writings in the world, The Pyramid Texts, which make up the principal funerary literature of ancient Egypt, were inscribed on the sarcophogi and walls of the pyramids at Saqqara in the 5th and 6th Dynasties of the Old Kingdom (2613-2181 BCE).

2600-1900 BCE
One of the largest ancient cities was Mohenjo-daro located in the Indus Valley (present-day Pakistan); it existed from about 2600 BCE and had a population of about 50,000. The rulers of the town of Lothal lived in the acropolis, which featured paved baths, underground and surface drains (built of kiln-fired bricks) and potable water well.

2560 BCE

The Great Pyramid of Giza completed.

2,500 BCE

2,500 BCE, in ancient Greece, mathematics first became an organised science.

2150 BCE
The earliest surviving great work of literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts, is the Epic of Gilgamesh, an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. Written 2150 -1400 BCE.

2100–2050 BCE
The Code of Ur-Nammu is the oldest known law code surviving today. It is from Mesopotamia and is written on tablets, in the Sumerian language 2100–2050 BCE.

Ur Nammu code, Istanbul, Istanbul Archaeology Museums

2000 BCE
The oldest Egyptian medical text is the Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus from around 2000 BCE.

2000 BCE
The earliest fully developed spoke-wheeled horse chariots are from the chariot burials of the Andronovo (Timber-Grave) sites of the Sintashta-Petrovka Proto-Indo-Iranian culture in modern Russia and Kazakhstan, from around 2000 BCE.

2000 BCE
The Babylonians were the first to recognize that astronomical phenomena are periodic and apply mathematics to their predictions, in conjunction with their mythology, dating back 1894 BCE – 1595 BCE.

1900 BCE
The Erlitou culture was an early Bronze Age urban society and archaeological culture that existed in the Yellow River valley, China, from approximately 1900 to 1500 BCE.

1700–1100 BCE

The oldest of the Hindu Vedas (scriptures), the Rig Veda was composed 1700–1100 BCE and it contains the first mention of Rudra, a form of Shiva, as the supreme god.

1600-1046 BCE
The Oracle bones, part of the shoulder blade of an ox or other animals, were carved by priests or diviners, in the Shang Dynasty script. This is the oldest known form of Chinese writing and the ancestor of the Chinese characters still used today.

1600 BCE
The Edwin Smith Papyrus, is an ancient Egyptian medical text from 1600 BCE, named after the dealer who bought it in 1862. It presents a rational and scientific approach to medicine in ancient Egypt.

1450 BCE
The earliest written evidence of Linear B, a syllabic script that was used for writing Mycenaean Greek, can be found on a clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BCE, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language.

1400 BCE
The earliest form of musical notation can be found in a cuneiform tablet that was created at Nippur, in Babylonia (today's Iraq), in about 1400 BCE.

1360 BCE

From 1360 BC to 1074 BC, the Assyrian Empire conquered all of Mesopotamia and also much of the Middle East, Egypt, Babylon, Israel, and Cyprus.

1351 or 1353 BCEThe earliest known recorded monotheistic religion (one god), was created during the reign of Akhenaten, in Ancient Egypt.

1250–600 BCE
The Upanishads, part of the oldest scriptures of Hinduism, the Vedas, that deal with meditation, philosophy and spiritual knowledge and which are central toHinduism, Buddhism and Jainism are created.

1200 BCE

A widespread collapse of Bronze Age civilization in the Eastern Mediterranean, often called the Greek Dark Ages, begins from 1200 BC, with the loss of the Linear B writing of the Greek language. great palaces and cities of the Mycenaeans were destroyed or abandoned.

1200 and 600 BCE

The Iron Age, was characterised by the prevalent smelting of iron with Ferrous metallurgy and the use of Carbon steel. Pirak is an early iron-age site in Balochistan, Pakistan, going back to about 1200 BCE.

1200 BCE
The earliest known major Mesoamerican civilization, the Olmecs, built step pyramids, made and traded rubber and carved 20 ton stone heads, to commemorate their rulers.

1200-1500 BCE?
Zoroastrianism is an ancient pre-Islamic religion of Iran dated to the 6th century BCE. Zoroastrians believe that there is one universal, transcendent, all-good, and uncreated supreme creator deity, Ahura Mazda.

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900 to 600 BCE

The Chandogya Upanishad is written with Verse 3.17.6 mentioning Krishna Devakiputra, as a student of the sage Ghora Angirasa.

900 to 600 BCE
The Torah, the five books of Moses, or the Pentateuch, the first five books of the Bible, is compiled.

800 BCE

Phoenicians settled in southern Spain after 800 BCE, shortly after the traditional founding of the greatest Phoenician colony, Carthage, in 814 BCE.

800 BCE
The oldest surviving works of Greek literature were composed 800 BCE. The Iliad, 750BCE and the Odyssey 720BCE.

776 BCE

The ancient Games were first staged in Olympia, Greece, from 776 BCE, until 393 AD. But it took 1503 years for the Olympics to return.

753 BCE

Legend has it that Ancient Rome was founded by the two brothers and demigods, Romulus and Remus, on 21 April 753 BCE.

624 BCE –546 BCE
Thales of Miletus, a Greek mathematician, astronomer and pre-Socratic philosopher from Miletus in Ionia, Asia Minor, was regarded by Aristotle as the first philosopher in the Greek tradition. He broke away from the use of mythology to explain the world and the universe.

610BCE

According to the geographer Eratosthenes, Anaximander was the first person to publish a map of the world, 610 – 546 BCE.

600 BCE
Britain becomes separated from the European mainland.

551 BCE
The teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius (551–479 BCE).

525BCE
The Acropolis was built around 525 BCE.

507 BCE
Athenian democracy developed around the sixth century BCE in the Greek city-state (known as a polis) of Athens, introduced by the Athenian leader Cleisthenes in 507 BCE.

490 BCE
Greeks defeat Persians at battles of Marathon, 490 BCE.

485BCE
Xerxes I, ruled Persia from 485–465 BCE.

484 BCE
The earliest known systematic historical thought emerged in Ancient Greece, beginning with Herodotus of Halicarnassus (484–425 BCE).

472 BCE
"The Persians” is a tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Aeschylus. first performed in 472 BCE. It is considered the oldest surviving play in the history of theatre.

 460 –400 BCE

Thucydides has been dubbed the father of "scientific history" due to his evidence-gathering and analysis of cause and effect, without reference to intervention by the deities.

460 BCE
Hippocrates was a Greek physician who lived from about 460 BCE to 375 BCE, who taught that all forms of illness had a natural cause, rather than superstition or the anger of the gods.

451 BCE
The Twelve Tables was a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE, which was binding on both patrician and plebeian. This is the earliest attempt by the Romans to create a CODE OF LAW.

449 BCE

The golden age of Athenian culture is usually dated from 449 to 431 B.C, when Athens became the artistic, cultural and intellectual as well as commercial center of the Hellenic world.

447 BCE

Parthenon is built in Athens as a temple of the goddess Athena 447–432 BCE

400 BCE
The Ancient Greeks were the first to develop astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, rather than relate celestial objects to gods and spirits, 400 BCE.

400 BCE

The earliest water-powered machines, the water wheel and watermill, first appeared in the Persian Empire, in what are now Iraq and Iran, by the early 4th century BCE.

300 BCE

The oldest known version of the Tao Te Ching was written on bamboo tablets.

300 BCE
Greek mathematician, Euclid, in about 300 BCE, wrote a complete, coherent review of all geometrical theory, which existed at the time.

264 BCE

The First Punic War (264 to 241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean, in the early 3rd century BCE. After huge human losses on both sides, the Carthaginians were defeated and Rome rises as the dominant power.

250–900 BCE

Classic Mayan step pyramids were constructed.

221 BCE
Emperor Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of the Great Wall of China around 221 BCE. Qin dynasty (221–206 BC).

218 BCE

In 218 BCE, Hannibal led an army, including a few dozen elephants, over the Alps from Spain, to northern Italy, starting the second war between Rome and Carthage.

150 BCE

The Antikythera Mechanism was an analog computer made from 150–100 BCE designed to calculate the positions of astronomical objects.

The Antikythera mechanism (Fragment A – front); visible is the largest gear in the mechanism, approximately 14 centimetres (5.5 in) in diameter Marsyas

146 BCE
The Greeks were finally defeated by Rome, at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BCE.

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63 BCE

The Roman general Pompey conquered Jerusalem in 63 BCE.

49 BCE,

Julius Caesar's crossed the Rubicon river in January 49 BCE, which precipitated the Roman Civil War, which ultimately led to Caesar becoming a dictator.
                                                    

4 BCE–30/33 CE

Jesus of Nazareth, the central figure of Christianity is believed to have lived, 4 BCE–30/33 CE and Jesus' preaching began around AD 27–29 and lasted one to three years.

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Short Outline of World History Timeline: MODERN

Leonora, WA: In The Eastern Goldfields

Leonora, which lies 230km north of Kalgoorlie in the Goldfields-Esperance region of Western Australia, is in the traditional lands of the Wongatha people. 

The area was named in 1869, by explorer and Government surveyor John (later Sir) Forrest. 

The Wongatha People

The Wongatha people are comprised of the eight Aboriginal Australian peoples of the Eastern Goldfields region of Western Australia.

According to Jared Diamond's book “Guns, Germs and Steel - The Fates of Human Societies”, 40,000 years ago, Native Australian societies enjoyed a big start over societies of Europe and other continents. 

Native Australians developed some of the earliest stone tools with ground edges, the earliest hafted stone tools (stone ax with handles), and by far the earliest watercraft, in the world. Some of the oldest known painting on rock surfaces comes from Australia. Anatomically modern humans may have settled Australia before they settled western Europe.

Until about 13, 000 years ago, most people across the world were living more or less as hunter-gatherer societies, in small mobile groups.

Hunting and gathering of food sources usually demands very large areas of land; it has been estimated that people who depend on such methods generally require 18 to 1,300 square km (7 to 500 square miles) of land per capita, depending on the environmental conditions.

Aboriginal men Men hunted larger mammals and birds such as kangaroo, wallaby and emu

Fire-stick farming was another strategy for food production and land management, usually during the cold-time. 

Aboriginal women mostly collected the seeds for eating, and young girls would learn how to collect and process the seeds and about the spiritual importance of the foods. Other important information learned were the reading of animal tracks and the use of digging sticks.

Different Aboriginal groups and languages use a variety of words to express the idea of the Dreamtime, which is the foundational concept for the Aboriginal religious belief system. The Dreamtime, believed to exist in the distant past, was a time of extraordinary happenings and creation, when mythical beings created the natural world and made the rules for ritual practices and behaviour. These ideas and beliefs were passed down the generations through oral tradition.

Wongatha, a Western Desert language is still spoken today and native speakers are generally able to understand the various closely related dialects.

1616

In October 1616, Dirk Hartog in the Eendracht, a Dutch East India Company ship, became the first European to set foot on the western shores of Australia.

Australia's oldest European maritime relic is a Dutch pewter dish that was nailed to a timber post 400 years ago on remote Dirk Hartog Island in Shark Bay.

TERRA DEL ZUR. An early Dutch mop of Australia dating from between 1629 (the year of the wreck of Pelsort's Batavia) and 1636, probably drown by Blaeu who studied navigation and geography under Galileo in Florence. Australia is given the half Portuguese and half Spanish name of Terra del Zur-the Land of the South. The map was published not many years after Dirck Hartog's voyage in the Éendraght.Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954)

1829

Perth was founded by Captain James Stirling as the capital of the Swan River Colony in 1829.

Captain (later Sir) James Stirling was the first Governor of the Colony of Western Australia, from 30 December 1828 until 2 January 1839

As Australian Aboriginal people were isolated from the rest of humanity for at least 50,000 years and lived in dispersed groups, infectious diseases were probably not very problematic. 

However, Europeans, who had developed agriculture and domesticated animals, had been exposed to various zoonotic diseases and developed immunity to them over thousands of years. These diseases travelled with them had terrible impacts on Aboriginal people.

Aboriginal people mostly believed that these diseases developed from sorcery and other supernatural causes.

1850s

From 1850, convicts began to arrive in Western Australia and began to build roads, other buildings and infrastructure.

1860s

In 1869, John Forrest an Australian explorer camped near Leonora-Gwalia during a search for the lost German explorer and scientist Ludwig Leichhardt, who had disappeared twenty years earlier. Forrest called the area "unpromising" country. It can still be a challenging and harsh environment.

Forrest, however, named the nearby 420-metre high hill, Mount Leonora, after his six-year-old niece Frances (Fanny) Leonora Hardey.

John Forrest later became the first Premier of Western Australia and a cabinet minister in Australia's first federal parliament.

1890s

In June 1893, Edward "Doodah" Sullivan and Ted Bowden found gold near Doyle’s Well. Sullivan and his partner Harry Widdick pegged the first gold lease in the Mt Leonora area and named it the "Johannesburg Lease".

In 1894, a gold rush occurred when Patrick (Paddy) Lawler, along with partners W. Gibson, Moses, Nevin and Donnelly, found alluvial gold 125km north-west of Leonora.

Later in 1895, a tent store opened in Leonora, and a shanty town of corrugated iron, bush timber shacks, lined with hessian, was developing. Many miners, however, chose to live on the mining leases at nearby Gwalia.

Edward "Doo-dah" Sullivan died in 1896 aged 36 years. He was a prospector and barrow-man, who  first found gold near Leonora in March 1896.

1896, a Cobb & Co. mail service was operating to and from Coolgardie owned by James Nicholas, (Gina Rinehart's maternal grandfather) and Sidney Kidman from Leonora.

Leonora Hotel, built of hessian and timber opened in 1896.

Leonora Township, WA, Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Friday 28 October 1898

Leonora Progress Committee, Menzies Miner (WA : 1896 - 1901), Saturday 15 July 1899

Mining Boom

The Leonora-Gwalia area soon became the largest mining centre in the north-eastern Goldfields, with shops and hotels opening to serve the growing population. In 1898, the town was gazetted, and became a municipality two years later.

Leonora public battery, WA, Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Friday 5 May 1899

1899,  the "Mount Leonora Miner" newspaper was first produced.

The police station and the sergeant's house were built in 1899.

A private school opened in Mount Leonora, 1899.

1900s

LOCAL TEAM PLAYING "THE RATS" MT. LEONORA, WA, Coolgardie Pioneer (WA : 1895 - 1901), Saturday 1 December 1900

COBB & CO.'S COACH LEAVING MT. LEONORA, WA, Coolgardie Pioneer (WA : 1895 - 1901), Saturday 1 December 1900

Coolgardie Pioneer (WA : 1895 - 1901), Saturday 1 December 1900

Future President

In 1901, Herbert Hoover, future president of the USA, became a partner in Bewick Moreing & Co, that owned the controlling interest in the Sons of Gwalia Mine.

Herbert Hoover, aged 23; taken in Perth, Western Australia, in 1898. Future Presiden. tIn 1901, Herbert Hoover, future president of the USA, became a partner in Bewick Moreing & Co, that owned the controlling interest in the Sons of Gwalia Mine.

Natives of West Australian goldfields - very early 1900s. This is a postcard with a French stamp. PD.

MR \V. P. VALKENBURG'S GENERAL STORE. LEONORA, WA, Wednesday 25 December 1901

Police Trackers

Aboriginal people often served as police trackers, drovers and animal herders, in the region.

Mounted Aboriginal police tracker, near Leonora, circa 1901, State Library WA

Aboriginal group at Leonora,WA, circa 1901, State Library of WA

Group of WA Aboriginals and black tracker, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 29 October 1901

MR. W. A LOWES'S HOTEL CENTRAL, LEONORA. Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Wednesday 25 December 1901

Tower Street, Leonora, W. A. - early 1900s

Rail Connection

On the 20th June 1902, a rail connection to Kalgoorlie began operating. The steam-tram line to Gwalia opened on 6th October 1903.

In 1902, Leonora-Gwalia had a population of more than 1500 (most living at Gwalia).

The first water scheme in the Leonora area was completed in 1902. Water was pumped by a large windmill to a reservoir on top of Tank ("Smoodgers") Hill and then reticulated around the town.

Leonora Hospital, WA, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 9 December 1902

Tower Street Leonora looking south, Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Thursday 25 December 1902

Opening of theLeonora-Gwalia tramway, which took place on October 6, 1903, Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Saturday 24 October 1903

 Leonora, WA, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 15 December 1903

On 6 October 1903 the Leonora to Gwalia tramline was officially opened. Kalgoorlie Western Argus; 27 October 1903

The Town Develops

By 1903-04, Leonora had an "efficient" private school called Miss Irene Wigg's School, though in the following year, only the Dominican convent school was operating. 

Two Dominican nuns ran the primary and secondary school in the church and also provided “finishing classes” for young ladies and taught them the finer points of music, painting, needlework, singing and art.

DISTRIBUTION OF BL.ANKETS TO NATIVES, L.AKE DARLOT. Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 1 August 1905

Post office, Leonora, WA, Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Saturday 1 July 1905

 POLICE STATION AND COURTHOUSE, LEONORA, WA, Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Saturday 1 July 1905

MAIN REEF GOLD NfINE. LEONORA, WA, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 20 June 1905

GROUP OF EMPLOYEES, LEONORAMAIN REEF_ GOLD MINE. LEONORA, WA, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 20 June 1905

Hospital and staff, Leonora, WA,  Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 11 December 1906

Tower Street, Leonora, WA, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 20 November 1906

Leonora Fire Brigade, WA, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 11 December 1906

Tennis Club, Leonora, WA, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 7 February 1905

 Leonora Football Team, WA, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 11 December 1906

The Sons of Gwalia School was relocated to Leonora in June 1906.

Andresen's General Store in Tower Street, Leonora, was originally a general store with a liquor licence. It was later a barber's and tobacconists with a billiard saloon at the rear, and later still, a meeting hall.

In 1908 the Leonora-Gwalia electric tram was installed and the power plant provided sufficient energy for electric lighting in the streets and to private customers.

Opening of the Leonora electric tramway system, WA, Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Saturday 7 November 1908

Mt. Leonora Miner (WA : 1899 - 1910), Saturday 12 September 1908

ENGINES. STATION CREEK WATER SCHEME, LEONORA. Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 3 November 1908

 Gas producers, Leonora Electric Tram and Lighting, WA, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 3 November 1908

"WHEN SHALL WE THREE MEET AGAIN?" Photograph of Pipe Major Donald MacCormack standing beside a man with dwarfism, and a mule and cart outside Malcolm Downie's Gents Outfitter store in Leonora, Western Australia. Another Kiltie holds the reins on the wagon, and several men and boys stand by looking on. One of a series of photographs from an album of the Kilties' world tour. Community Archives , 1909

STATION CREEK RESERVOIR, LEONORA. Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 9 February 1909

Photograph of members of the Kilties, a man with dwarfism, and a mule and cart outside Malcolm Downie's Gents Outfitter store in Leonora, Western Australia. Community Archives (July 29, 1909) 

Photograph of a camel team in Leonora, Western Australia, with members of the Kilties. Community Archives (July 29, 1909)

 Camel team. Leonora, WA, Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916), Tuesday 4 January 1910

 At home on the goldfields at Leonora, WAWestern Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Saturday 28 January 1911

LEONORA FIRE BRIGADE CRICKET CLUB, PREMIERS 1913-14, AND WINNERS OF THE JOHNSON CUP. Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Friday 1 May 1914

Leonora Municipal Tram in Leonora, W.A. - circa 1910. Leonora had a single track passenger tramway linking the town and nearby Gwalia, from 1901 to 1921. Initially steam driven, the service was electric from November 1908, and petrol powered from 1915. Aussie Mobs

WWI

PTE. J. A. O'DONOHUE, Wounded. Well known in Leonora, also Boulder City, where he worked
for Lane Bros. GALLANT HEROES OF THE DARDANELLS, Sun (Kalgoorlie, WA : 1898 - 1929), Sunday 6 June 1915

In 1916, M. Moran stated in evidence during a court case that he was a cordial manufacturer residing at Leonora.

1920s

Shop guttered by fire, Leonora, WA,  Sun (Kalgoorlie, WA : 1898 - 1929), Sunday 5 August 1923

Sunday Times (Perth, WA : 1902 - 1954), Sunday 17 May 1925

"A. at Leonora", Western Australia, 19 September 1929, Donna Barber

Leonora, Western Australia, 19 September 1929, Donna Barber

1930s

Snowy and Linda Barnes marry in Leonora, 23 October 1933, State Library WA

Sunday Times (Perth, WA : 1902 - 1954), Sunday 17 May 1936

NOW AT LEONORA. Constable Jones, of Leonora, better known to fight fans as "Boyo" Burns, who holds the State Light-Heavyweight Championship title.North Midland Times (Moora, WA : 1933 - 1954), Friday 24 July 1936

Popular Leonora identity, mr Peter Hill with his racehorse, Merrie Youth, Preston Mail and District Advocate (Collie, WA : 1932 - 1953), Saturday 6 March 1937

The first baker, Scotty Clarke, the first store-keeper, Ted Shannon, Jack Andresen, storekeeper, and Smith, Clarke's partner (Clarke and Smith). In the front row are Mrs. Phlavin' (In the sun bonnet) the first woman in Leonora, and Mrs. Shannon, first ladies' outfitter. OLD LEONORA, Bridgetown. Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Thursday 2 December 1937

 Donkey Team at Leonora, WA. Illustrated above is a team of 38 donkeys being driven by Mr. Johnstone on the road between Doyle's Well and Leonora. The capacity of the tank is 25,000 gallons and weighs seven tons.Preston Mail and District Advocate (Collie, WA : 1932 - 1953), Saturday 28 November 1936

The utmost in.comfort and reliability are incorporated in this new Dodge ambulance, recently supplied to the Leonora Centre of the St. John Ambulance Association. Sunday Times (Perth, WA : 1902 - 1954), Sunday 4 April 1937

1940s and WWII

Sunday Times (Perth, WA : 1902 - 1954), Sunday 29 June 1941

W45284 Cpl I. A. Mills, Leonora. Women in Uniform

 TX3133 Dvr. E. H. Cowan. Leonora. Western Mail (Perth, WA : 1885 - 1954), Thursday 3 July 1941

 AUSTRALIAN native James Brennan, who is a Tobruk Rat and former P.O.W. member of the 2/28th Battalion, was captured at Ruin Ridge, marries Myrtle, Goodilyer in St. George's Cathedral, Perth. Couple will make their home in Leonora where he will engage in mining. Daily News (Perth, WA : 1882 - 1955), Thursday 8 November 1945

LEONORA PREMlERS-1947. Leonora News (WA : 1944 - 1950), Friday 10 October 1947. See here

1950s

 When a trolley broke away from a skip yesterday morninq and hurtled more than 650f1, down
the main underlay shalt of the Sons of Gwalla goldmine, WA, three men were killed and onetinjured. This picture, taken from the top of the mine, shows the skip (used to carry ore) readyto descend.West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879 - 1954), Saturday 2 June 1951

Corroboree Painting Mr J. M. Green, a native from Leonora, describes to girls of St. Hilda's College a painting by Elizabeth Durack, symbolic of a native corroboree now being held at Laverton. It is one of an exhibition of Miss Durack's paintings which are being displayed In Newspaper House. West Australian (Perth, WA : 1879 - 1954), Friday 3 July 1953

1960s

Things Change

The Sons of Gwalia mine operated for 67 years until it closed in 1963; it was the largest mine outside the Golden Mile. Open cut and underground mining operations still occur near Leonora and the town is also an administrative centre for surrounding pastoral industries. 

However, just 5 kilometres north of Leonora, are the remains of Leonora Gold Blocks Mine, one of the first leases in the area. It has been permanently closed since 1927.

Adelaide Johnston (Yurabru), circa 1960. State Library of WA

Tower Street, the charming main street of Leonora, has remained largely unchanged since the turn of the century. Leonora is also, a short distance from the fascinating ghost town of Gwalia, where you can wander around abandoned miners' cottages and marvel at the imposing building of the first hotel, built and run by a state government in Australia.

Around Leonora

View of the former National Bank of Australasia building, Tower Street, Leonora, Western Australia

View of the Post Office, Tower Street, Leonora, Western Australia, Bahnfrend

View of the Shire of Leonora shire offices, Tower Street, Leonora, Western Australia, Bahnfrend

The Central Hotel was established in 1903, Leonora, Wa

The White House Hotel opened at Leonora WA on New Years Day in 1903

Tower Street, Leonora, WA, Bahnfrend

View of the former Andresen's General Store, Tower Street, Leonora, Western Australia,  Bahnfrend

View of Tower Street, the part of Goldfields Highway that is also the main street of Leonora, Western Australia, Bahnfrend

View of Tower Street, the part of Goldfields Highway that is also the main street of Leonora, Western Australia, Bahnfrend

View of Tower Street, the part of Goldfields Highway that is also the main street of Leonora, Western Australia, Bahnfrend

View of Tower Street, the part of Goldfields Highway that is also the main street of Leonora, Western Australia, Bahnfrend

View of the former Barnes Federal Theatre, Tower Street, Leonora, Western Australia, Bahnfrend

View of a row of shops in Tower Street, Leonora, Western Australia, Bahnfrend

View of the former Mount Leonora Miner building, Tower Street, Leonora, Western Australia, Bahnfrend

Leonora State Battery, WA, first established in 1898. Two 5-stamp presses, one wood framed andone of metal

Things To Do and Places To Go

Leonora heritage Trail

Leonora Loop Trails

Patroni's Guest House

Gwalia Ghost Town & Museum